■ Law-Making Monopoly

The Constitution of the Republic of Croatia (1990, as Amended to 2001) Article 87The Croatian Sabor may empower the Government of the Republic of Croatia, for a maximum period of one year to regulate by decrees certain issues from its competence, except those relating to the elaboration of constitutionally guaranteed human rights and fundamental freedoms, national rights, the electoral system, the organization, competences and operation of governmental bodies and local self-government.Decrees based on statutory authority cannot have a retroactive effect. Decrees passed on the basis of legal authority shall cease to be valid after the expiry of the period of one year from the date the House of Representatives granted such authority, unless the Croatian Sabor decides otherwise.

The Constitution of the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros (1996)Article 42The Government may, in order to execute its program, demand of the Federal Assembly authorization to take, by ordinances, for a limited period of time, measures that are normally of the domain of the law, except for matters concerning fundamental rights and public liberties.This legislative delegation is conferred through a law of habilitation.The ordinances are taken in the Council of Ministers following the advice of the High Council of the Republic. They come into effect upon their publication in the Official Journal, but become lapsed if the bill of law of ratification is not presented to the Federal Assembly before the date determined by the law of habilitation.At the expiration of the time period mentioned in the first paragraph, the ordinances may be modified by law only. During that time, the Government may oppose the receivability of any proposal or amendment whose provisions concern those matters for which the habilitation has been given.

The Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile (1980, as Amended to 2005) Article 64The President of the Republic may request authorization from the National Congress in order to issue provisions with the force of law during a period not exceeding more than one (1) year on matters which fall within the domain of the law.

The Constitution of Eritrea (1997)Article 32Powers and Duties of the National Assembly1. Pursuant to the provisions of this Constitution:a. the National Assembly shall have the power to enact laws and pass resolutions for peace, stability, development and social justice of Eritrea;b. unless authorized pursuant to the provisions of this Constitution and law enacted by the National Assembly, no person or organization shall have the power to make decisions having the force of law.

The Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan (2008)Article 34(2)The Druk Gyalpo [King] may command a National Referendum if:(a) In His opinion a Bill, which is not passed in a joint sitting of Parliament, is of national importance; or (b) An appeal is made by not less than fifty percent of the total number of members of all Dzongkhag Tshogdues [District Councils].

The Constitution of the Swiss Confederation (1998)Article 141Optional Referendum1. At the request of 50,000 citizens who are entitled to vote or of eight Cantons, the following are submitted to vote by the People:a. Federal laws 

The Constitution of the French Republic (1958, as Amended to 2005)Article 11The President of the Republic, on a proposal by the Government when Parliament is in session or on a joint motion of the two Assemblies, published in either case in the Journal Officiel, can submit to a referendum any Government bill which deals with the organization of the public powers, or with reforms relating to the economic or social policy of the Nation and to the concurrent public services, or which provides for authorization to ratify a treaty that, although not contrary to the Constitution, might affect the functioning of the institutions.When the referendum is held in response to a proposal by the Government, the latter makes a declaration before each Assembly which is followed by a debate.When the referendum decides in favor of the Government bill, the President of the Republic promulgates within fifteen days following the proclamation of the results of the vote.

Constitutional Law of the Republic of Angola (1992) Article 74In the exercise of his powers, the President of the Republic shall issue presidential decreesand dispatches that shall be published in the Diário da República.Article 88(l)The National Assembly shall Ratify decreesArticle 114(3)In the discharge of their duties, the Prime Minister, Ministers and Secretaries of State shall issue executive decrees and dispatches that shall be published in the Diário da República.

The Constitution of the Republic of Belarus (1996) Article 101In instances of necessity the President may personally initiate or on the proposal of the Government may issue temporary decrees which have the force of law. If such decrees are issued on the initiative of the Government, they shall be signed by the Prime Minister. Temporary decrees are submitted for further approval within three days of their adoption to the Chamber of Representatives, and then to the Council of the Republic. These decrees are valid if they are not rejected by a majority of no fewer than two-thirds of votes of the full composition of both Chambers. The Chambers may regulate through legislation matters which have originated on the basis of decrees, which have been abolished.<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

 The Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador (1998) Article 155The President of the Republic may send bills classified as economically urgent to the National Congress. In this case, Congress must approve, modify or deny them within a maximum period of thirty days, counted from when they were received…Article 156If Congress does not approve, modify or deny the bill within the period indicated in the previous article, the President of the Republic shall promulgate it as an executive decree [decreto-ley] in the Official Register. The National Congress can, at any time, modify or derogate it according to the ordinary process foreseen in the Constitution.

The Constitution of Georgia (1995, as Amended to 2004) Article 731. The President of Georgia:(j) issues decrees and orders on the basis of the Constitution and the law;(q) is authorized in the enumerated cases, in the period between the dissolution of Parliament and the first convocation of the newly elected Parliament, to issue a decree having the force of law on tax and budgetary issues, which shall be invalid if it is not approved by the newly elected Parliament within a month from its first convocation